project material on: CYTOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SPUTUM SAMPLES IN WELDERS project material on: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTROLYTE PATTERNS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTROLYTE PATTERNS IN SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S, which leads to the distortion of red blood cells into a sickle or crescent shape. This disease affects millions of people worldwide, particularly those of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent (Khan et al., 2022). The sickle-shaped cells are prone to rupture and cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to severe pain, organ damage, and an increased risk of infection (Yawn et al., 2019). The clinical manifestations of SCD can vary significantly among individuals, and one crucial factor contributing to this variability is the imbalance of electrolytes in the body.

Electrolytes are charged particles essential for various physiological processes, including maintaining fluid balance, nerve conduction, and muscle function (Schmidt et al., 2020). In SCD patients, electrolyte disturbances are common due to the increased destruction of red blood cells and altered kidney function, which can lead to conditions such as dehydration, acidosis, and hyperkalemia (Kaul & Sickle Cell Disease Consortium, 2018). Studies have shown that abnormalities in electrolyte levels can significantly impact the disease's course, leading to acute complications such as vaso-occlusive crises and acute chest syndrome (Ballas et al., 2021).

Research indicates that sickle cell patients often exhibit distinct electrolyte patterns compared to healthy individuals. For example, potassium levels may be elevated due to hemolysis, while sodium levels may fluctuate depending on hydration status (Wang et al., 2021). Furthermore, calcium and magnesium levels can be affected by both dietary intake and the disease's inflammatory processes, complicating the overall clinical picture (Abdulrahman et al., 2023). Understanding these electrolyte patterns in SCD patients is critical for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate complications and improve patient outcomes.

Despite advancements in the management of SCD, the relationship between electrolyte disturbances and disease severity remains inadequately explored. Most studies focus on hemoglobin levels and

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